The Love Story in James Cains Mildred Pierce :: Mildred Pierce Essays

The Love Story in James Cain's Mildred Pierce In Mildred Pierce, by James Cain, the novel revolves around some very interesting and universal concepts that seem to be themes in many of his novels. â€Å"As in his previous work, the novel revolves around love, money, and sex, but though success is perverse and wish fulfillment destructive, there is no murder† (Gale Group Biography) One most interesting theme is the theme of love and lust, and what drove the characters to their actions, and what motivated them. For some it was love, for some it was lust. So is Mildred Pierce a love story? Or is it just a tale of sex and scandals? In Cain’s works, love appears in almost a forbidden appearance, though it is obviously an important aspect. â€Å"Cain said he had only one story to tell: a love story. ’I write of the wish that comes true for some reason a terrifying concept ... I think my stories have some quality of the opening of a forbidden box.’ The act of forcing the wish to come true isolates Cain’s obsesses lovers from society and places them on what he calls a ’love-rack’† (Madden, journal) This forbidden box is very apparent in Mildred Pierce, as seen through the eyes of Mildred. Mildred appears to be a normal working mother, loving her children, and providing everything for them that she can, meanwhile struggling with her finances and problems with society’s expectations, and even her daughter, Veda’s expectations, which are quite a few. But underneath, there’s this very forbidden concept. Mildred loves her daughter, Veda, almost too much. â€Å"James T. Farell refers to Mildred’s ‘almost unnatural love for her daughter’† (Madden James M. Cain, 79) It is never exactly said in so many words, but the idea of Mildred loving her daughter more than what is natural is there, lurking underneath, like a forbidden box, on the verge of opening. Yet, even though we see signs of it, we don’t seem to lose respect for Mildred, because of her character, and the way it is drawn out, because Mildred herself never even realiz es it. This is something that would seem to be very hard to accomplish as a writer, and Cain does a fantastic job of it, illustrating the forbidden and the not forbidden love Mildred feels for Veda.

Health Status and Health Care Services in the United Kingdom

Health Status and Health Care Services in the United Kingdom with comparison to the United States HSM-310 Introduction to Health Services Management Course Project Date submitted: 10/18/2009 Table of Contents Executive Summary Population and Health Status†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Demographic characteristics of population Mortality, Infant mortality data, causes of death *Availability of Health Services* Basic organization/general description of services institutions, providers of care Issues related to access Utilization of services (data, if available) Other related information/analysis Expenditures How are health services paid for; any roles for the government here Data on total expenditures *Macro environmental influences on the health care system* Public Private *Summary comments* Problems Opportunities Other related comments regarding this country's health care services Comparison to the United States: what works better, what is not working as well†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Concluding comments: Lessons learned for the U. S. , other countries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Bibliography (required)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Executive Summary The United Kingdom’s population is growing and the people are living longer, this could be due to the fact that healthcare is free and people are using it when they need it and not waiting to see a doctor when they can afford it. However, with the growing size of the population the cost of healthcare is rising and the need for funding the tax financed health plan needs to be reformed. Hopefully by seeing what other countries use to have a successful health care plan the UK can implement some of their ideas with their own and ucceed at having an efficient and effective health plan that delivers the highest quality of health care. Population and Health Status in the United Kingdom The Office of National Statistics reported that the population in the United Kingdom (UK) was 61. 4 million people in mid-2008, which is a 408,000 increase from the year before. The rise in population over the past 12 months is not due to migration but to the increased number of birth s and the decreased number in deaths (ONS, 2008). It seems that the people in the UK are living longer and leading healthier lifestyles than in the past. The life expectancy at the time of birth for males is 76. 52 years and 81. 63 for females, and the infant mortality rate is 4. 85 deaths per 1000 births (Flag Counter, 2009). Below are the top ten leading causes of death in the United Kingdom: Ischemic heart disease Lower Respiratory infections Cerebrovascular disease Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Colon and rectum cancers Breast Cancer Alzheimer and other dementias Prostate Cancer 10. Lymphomas, multiple myeloma (WHO,2009) Here in the US we share many of these leading causes except for Lymphomas and Prostate cancer, we add traffic accidents and diabetes mellitus. I would assume this is because Americans drive more than the British and that the general population of the US is overweight, which is a leading cause of diabetes. The US and the UK share nearly the same life expectancy and the infant mortality rate is a bit higher here in the US. Overall the US and the UK share little difference when it comes to life expectancy, infant mortality and the leading causes of death. Availability of Services The UK has a National Health Service (NHS) that is a publicly funded health care service. The NHS is divided into two different sections: primary and secondary care. The primary care section consists of General practice physicians, dentists, optometrists and pharmacist, the primary care section is referred to as the Primary Care Trust (PCT). The Secondary section is made up of acute or elective healthcare options, such as emergency and urgent care, ambulance and surgery, these acute services are referred to as NHS trusts. The PCT oversees around 29,000 GP’s and 18,000 dentists, there are around 175 acute NHS trusts, 60 mental health NHS trusts and 1600 NHS trusts hospitals. Emergency vehicles are also provided by an NHS ambulance services trusts; there are 11 of these ambulance services trust in England (NHS, 2009). The healthcare facilities are basically the same as they are here in the US; there are hospitals, clinics, urgent care facilities, doctor’s offices and pharmacies. The main concern with the access of healthcare in the UK is the waiting times to be seen by a specialist after being referred by a primary physician. In England the wait time is around 18 weeks to see a specialist. Many patients in the UK have said that there is difficulty in accessing GP on the weekends or after-hours as well. As with other nations the UK also has a shortage of healthcare workers which increases the wait times and the quality of care that patients are receiving. The main focus of the NHS is to provide the highest quality of care as well as decreasing the wait times and adding more healthcare facilities. Expenditures The NHS was built on the ideal that healthcare should be provided to everyone regardless of wealth. With the exception of charges for some prescriptions and optical and dental services, the NHS remains free at the point of use for anyone who is resident in the UK. It covers everything from antenatal screening and routine treatments for coughs and colds to open heart surgery, accident and emergency treatment and end-of-life care. The NHS is a tax financed healthcare system, the public pays a higher tax for their healthcare to be free. The Department of Health much like that in the US, oversees the NHS. All employees of the NHS are government employees and are by paid by the government. There is a very small private sector of healthcare in the UK and if you either be seen by an NHS physician or by a private physician whom you would pay out-of-pocket to see. The responsibility for health legislation and policy rests in the hands of the government at the Parliament of Westminster. The treasury/finance ministry set a budget and that determines what share of government receipt will be used to finance the healthcare system. The budget is done in three year cycles. In 2004 the total healthcare expenditure in the UK was 101 billion pounds the funding for NHS alone was 86. 6 billion pounds. The expenditure on healthcare is continually rising. Here in the US the healthcare system is privately funded through grants, donations and fees for service. We pay insurance to cover our healthcare costs or we pay out of pocket for the services. There has been some concern on whether or not the UK NHS system will continue to work, taxes will need to increase and there will need to be more funding. There is a push to have a mixed system that is both private and public. *Macro environmental *Influences There is a common problem with the migrant jump to the UK to take advantage of the healthcare and the citizens are footing the bill. The need for funding for NHS is rising and there is concern on how they are going to continue to pay for the services. The UK is in need of a plan to implement a privately funded healthcare service alongside the tax financed service. Implement co-pays on some of the services that are provided and take into consideration the benefits of including the private sector. Summary Overall the UK has a well implemented plan for their healthcare services, the problems that they face are the same that are faced by many other countries, from funding to the quality and the accessibility of services. In comparison to the US the UK faces many of the same issues, the shortage of healthcare professionals to the need for reform. The universal health care plan has worked for the UK and the private plan has worked for the US in the past but now there needs to be changes made because of the rising cost of healthcare in both countries. The UK is learning that there is a need for change and that by seeing other countries such as the US use private health insurance plans they can create some kind of balance. Bibliography

Importance of Roger Mason in ‘The Spire’

Roger Mason is a vital character in the novel, without whom there would be no spire at all. Even before the reader is introduced to Roger there are hints that he will be important to the plot. Jocelin's first mention of the phrase ‘cost what you like' coincides with the first introduction to Roger; this foreshadows the sacrifice of Roger and the breakdown he suffers due to the pressure put on him by Jocelin, the spire and even his relationship with Goody Pangall. In many ways Roger can be seen as the strength behind the spire. From Golding's physical description of him, using phrases such as ‘bullet head', ‘like a bear' and ‘his heavy eyebrows', the reader gains the impression that he is solid and his expertise in building shows him to be very factual and rational. Nearly all of Roger's attributes are the antithesis to Jocelin's; where Roger is down-to-earth, Jocelin is spiritual and deluded. Both men are compared to animals in the novel, Roger is likened to ‘a bear' and a ‘dog' whereas Jocelin is described as ‘an eagle' and ‘beaky', Golding's choice of animals here show the reader how the two men have completely different views of the world. Roger's confrontation with Jocelin highlights the antithesis between them. Roger, as an earthy man, can see that the spire is dangerous and a nearly impossible concept and regards Jocelin's vision with ‘contempt and amusement', whereas Jocelin believes that it will be held up simply by his faith and prayer, ‘God will provide'. These contrary descriptions reappear throughout the novel and intertwine their lives until, ironically, it becomes clear that the spire only gets built due to a combination of Jocelin's delusion and insistence on his vision and Roger's skill. Roger and Jocelin not only have opposing natures but also relationships and interactions with women. Jocelin fails, or refuses, to understand women but Roger has an unusually equal relationship for the medieval times with his wife and they are often seen together around the cathedral, ‘inseparable'. His relationship with Rachel is important as it emphasises Jocelin's inability to deal with a woman who is ‘not like a decent reticent Englishwoman' or ‘silent Goody Pangall', Jocelin spends much of the novel trying to avoid Rachel and Golding continually describes her as a ‘body' or a ‘face'. The fact that Roger can have a friendship with a woman that Jocelin cannot stand outlines their differences. Roger's other relationship with a woman is with Goody Pangall. Unlike his relationship with Rachel, his affair with Goody is passionate and is portrayed as love; Roger watches her walking ‘as though nothing and no one in the whole world mattered'. When the reader first finds out about the affair, it is through Jocelin's perspective, ‘he saw this was one encounter of many. He saw pain and sorrow'. The pain and sorrow may be Jocelin's realisation that he will never have Goody or it may be sorrow in Roger for he has been forced into this by Jocelin. The novel has an inchoate structure that not only shows Jocelin's gradual descent into complete delusion and madness but the loose time frames with some chapters taking place over a month, others over six months also show Roger's growing dependence on alcohol. Golding finally turns the attention of the reader back to Roger when Jocelin visits him at the end of the novel. Roger has suffered a breakdown and is ‘moo-ing' and the reader can see the entire effect that Jocelin and the spire have had on his life. Roger's mental breakdown has turned him into a ‘crab', he is no longer the skilled and reliable ‘bear' he was at the start of the novel. This presentation of Roger shows that he, too, has an irrational side and that he is not in fact that different to Jocelin, Roger turns to alcohol in times of stress and Jocelin turns to prayers, neither of which aid the two characters and these actions eventually end in their downfall. Roger and Jocelin are also not that different in their visions either. The first description of Roger contains the phrase ‘he could see nothing else, or hear or feel nothing else' showing that when Roger is working, nothing distracts him and he becomes oblivious to those around him. The presentation of Roger in this way once more joins him to Jocelin, before the reader has even been given a description of him. This illustrates how important Roger is to the novel and to Jocelin as a tool to build his vision. Overall I think that Golding's language when describing Roger is important because he is antithetical to Jocelin and therefore provides a comparison point. This has been used by Golding to draw attention to Jocelin's delusion and to allow the reader to see Jocelin's growing madness more clearly; however as the novel progresses it also becomes clear to the reader that Roger and Jocelin's characters become less and less contradictory. This is significant as it makes Jocelin's revelation at the end of the novel more pronounced and allows the reader to see that pure facts or pure faith are not effective, but it is a combination of the two that is needed for anything to be achieved.

Sports Injury Rehabilitation Programmes Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter will critically measure surveies done on attachment to athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme. Bury and Mead ( 1998 ) specify critical assessment as a systemic manner of sing the truthfulness of a piece of research, consequences, and how relevant and applicable they are. This non merely involves the appraisal of the quality of a piece of work but besides consideration of its utility for athleticss physical therapy pattern. The undermentioned comprehensive hunt schemes were used to happen the amateur rugger football participant ‘s experiences and perceptual experiences of adhering to a sport hurt rehabilitation plan. This was carried utilizing EBSCO Host to entree the undermentioned databases: National library of wellness ( NLH ) ( Healthcare database ) , Allied and Complimentary Medicine Database AMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL were searched to place all published scientific analytical surveies that included adhering to a sport hurt rehabilitation programme. Following hunt schemes were used for EBSCO host and adapted as appropriate for the other databases Attachment, Rehabilitation, Qualitative, Sports therapy, Physiotherapy, Measurement of attachment, Determinants of attachment, Psychology, Sports, Athletic hurt, Patients attachment Articles of involvement were discovered in mentions of the published work and retrieved by writer independently, utilizing the undermentioned choice standards for this survey:Choice standardsIncluded surveies to be published research. In English linguistic communication. The survey reported on the athleticss hurt rehabilitation attachment. Target population is grownups ‘ elite or recreational male or female jocks sustained a athleticss hurt and their rehabilitation lasted for period of three or more hebdomads. To review the surveies, the McMaster critical reappraisal signifier ( Law et al, 1998 ) for quantitative surveies was used. This model ( appendix ) is good structured and each of the countries identified in the model can be critically examined, and a series of inquiries have been asked to measure the worth of a peculiar research survey. The format used is designed to help in placing the strength and failings of the paper and by this, the research worker will be able to do sound judgements sing adequateness, rightness, and dependability of the decisions drawn and the pertinence of the recommendations made ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Current research carried out by Petridou et al. , ( 2003 ) suggested that in Europe states the figure of people who need medical attending after athleticss related hurt is more than 10 million. It has been suggested that more than 5 million Euros have been spent on amateur participants. Taylor & A ; Taylor ( 1997 ) stated that the impact of sing athleticss hurts could be significant and include irreversible for recreational participants, slow hurt rehabilitation, inability to work, tardily return to athleticss, and danger of womb-to-tomb disablement and later a low criterion of life. In athleticss medical specialty and rehabilitation scenes, the behaviors that set up conformity are surely different, and are chiefly reliant on the current medical status or type of athleticss hurt ( Kolt et al, 2007 ) . These behaviors constitute regularity in athleticss physical therapy assignments, making all the stretches and exercisings recommended actively, set abouting all place based exercisings and rehabilitation such as exercisings, ice or heat application, and avoiding all possible insecure activities. Conformity is invariably documented as an built-in portion of athleticss hurt rehabilitation. By and large, it has been presumed that, if the athleticss hurt rehabilitation programs are successful and working good, attachment to those hurt rehabilitation programs enhances result. This given, however, is non guaranteed all the clip. Research for the association between athleticss hurt direction consequence and attachment is conflicting. Sports specific hurt rehabilitation programs normally include mobilization, massage, and other manual techniques used in athleticss therapy clinic and a place exercisings and stretching programme. Sports physical therapist should be able to measure attachment to rehabilitation, both in the clinic and place environment. More often, attachment to athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan is evaluated in association to participants ‘ regularity in attending at athleticss therapy clinic. This methodological analysis, however, simply suggests that if the participant is on a regular basis coming to the athleticss hurt clinic for hurt rehabilitation Sessionss, this does non give any facts about the participant ‘s response, reaction, and attitude refering athleticss hurt rehabilitation public presentation during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss. If a athleticss physical therapist could judge the participant ‘s response, reaction, and attitude refering athleticss hurt rehabilitation public presentation, during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss, he/she could modify the hurt rehabilitation Sessionss accordingly. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) clearly stated the survey ‘s purpose to look into the subjective experience of anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) rehabilitation and place variables that influence attachment as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) have used qualitative research methods to look into the conceptual apprehension of participants ‘ conformity to athleticss physical therapy intervention. In footings of qualitative research, sample was an appropriate size. Eleven patients were selected and interviewed at an norm of 4 months. The writers ‘ failed to place the procedure of enrolling participants. Data aggregation was explained and involved qualitative in-depth interviews to research subjective experience of ACL rehabilitation and happen factors impacting conformity as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. To heighten cogency Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) supply interviewees with canned interviews to guarantee that the information has been acAÂ ­curately translated. The sample was diverse in relation to the participants ‘ engagement in athleticss. Six participants were take parting at competitory degree ; four participants were at recreational degree and one participant dropped out. Since, Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) used a diverse sample in relation to participants ‘ engagement in athleticss, it is excessively hard to explicate consequences from it. In order to compare between factors that influence rehabilitation in adAÂ ­herers and non adherers, a graded purposive sampling technique was used to understate the possible prejudice originating from convenience sampling and improves the opportunity of roll uping rich informations relevant to the behavior being studied when compared with random sampling. Because participants were judged by their healers to be adherent to physiotherapy, the sample was stratified based on attachment to home-exercise completion. Home adherAÂ ­ence rates were determined utilizing self-report journals over the first 12 hebdomads of rehabilitation. The survey identified restrictions and strengths. Research workers referred to how they ensured cogency. An independent research with qualitative survey experience reviewed the codifications and agreed that the emerging classs were consistent with the natural information. Triangulation enhanced the credibleness of the findings. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) adopted qualitative methodological analysis and suggested that the qualiAÂ ­tative attack allowed a greater find and analysis of variables than would be possible with a quantitative attack. Findingss of Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) were original, in-depth and enlightening and bespeaking that inductive analysis has shown three critical variables impacting athleticss hurt intervention conformity, including emotional, environmental, and physical issues. The writers concluded that different apprehension of fitness degree on return to rugby, self-inspiration, rehabilitation Sessionss issues or busy at work distinguish compliant and non-compliant behaviors in relation to a place exercising programme. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) examine the association between conformity to rehabilitation and result after rehabilitative surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . The rubric is concise and clearly indicates the content. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact and included three relevant key words that helped indexing and cross-referencing. Introduction is relevant and identified that rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction has changed from the traditional conservative attack with greater limitations on activity to a more accelerated attack advancing early mobilisation and return to activity. The debut referred to current research and cited 10 documents and they offered balanced findings. The survey ‘s purpose was clear to analyze the association between conformity to athleticss therapy intervention and result after ACL Reconstruction utilizing both correlativity and arrested development techniques. The writers clearly identified the hypo thesis. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) in this prospective cohort survey evaluated attachment to rehabilitation over the first 8 hebdomads after ACL-reconstructive surgery and correlated the findings with results at nine and twelve months. Three steps of attachment were correlated with nine dependent variables of result. Participants included in the survey were 68 patients ( 42 work forces, 26 adult females ) with a mean of 28.8 AÂ ± 8.3 old ages. Informed consent was sought. There is a failure to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of the participants was enforced. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1998 ) suggested that if there is to be any assurance in the credibleness of findings, research workers must guarantee the topics rights to confidentiality and namelessness. The writers should hold hence explicitly stated how participants ‘ information remained confidential and anon. . Three aspects of attachment were measured: attachment to assignments, attachment during assignments, and attachment to home-exercise prescription. The treating physical therapists, utilizing the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale ( SIRAS ) , rated participant ‘s attachment, during each assignment. The survey clearly stated the methodological analysis involved and defended the trial re-test dependability, interrater dependability, and concept cogency of SIRAS. Attachment to home-based exercising was assessed utilizing a self-report ( diary ) method. Self-reported attachment is besides capable to bias in a socially desirable way. The usage of self-report journals by Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) to supervise home-exercise attachment is besides an of import restriction of this survey. Mullins ( 1996 ) maintained the usage of journals, as a mechanism for measuring attachment to place plan is weak in footings of cogency and dependability. This in reflected by the fact that the remarks made by the patients in their journals did non ever fit their questionnaire responses. There is besides a likeliness of a hapless callback. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) used three outcome steps. The International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) Clinical Examination Form was used to measure articulatio genus result in footings of damage. To analyze the consequences of ACL-reconstructive surgery, research workers used three questionnaires. The 6m timed hop trial was used to analyze functional result. The writers clearly stated the dependability and cogency of the 6-m timed hop trial but did non province the dependability and cogency of The International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) Clinical Examination Form and questionnaires. Consequences indicated that there was a important relationship between home-exercise attachment and many results for participants less than 30 old ages of age. For participants aged 30 and over there was a negative relationship between home-exercise attachment and result. There were no important relationships between attachment to and during physical therapy assignments and result after ACL-reconstructive surgery. One of the of import restrictions of Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) survey was the method of informations geographic expedition. In order to place confusing variables, unstructured seeking through the information was considered as a hapless analysis technique. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) concluded that participants under 30 old ages of age who adhered to their home-exercise regimen had better functional result, whereas disciple participants aged 30 and over experient worse result with better place based exercising conformity. Urdy ( 1997 ) examined copying and societal support with amongst 20 five injured jocks between the age of 16 and 40 old ages, during their rehabilitation from anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Participants completed a scope of appraisals, included Coping with Health and Injury Scale to mensurate get bying schemes, profile of Mood State to measure temper perturbation, Social Support Inventory to mensurate societal support, figure of visits to rehabilitation Sessionss to mensurate attachment. Participants completed theses ratings one time pre-surgery and so at 3, 6, 9 and 12 hebdomads station surgery. Results pointed out that during the whole survey period, instrumental get bying scheme was the most used header scheme by the participants. Urdy ( 1997 ) found that during the three hebdomads clip period different type of get bying schemes have been used by the participants. As the emphasis decreased, get bying schemes besides decreased. Urdy ( 1997 ) found that instrumental header was significantly related to conformity to athleticss hurt rehabilitation at nine hebdomads post surgery. Furthermore, alleviative header, varied the most throughout three months of survey continuance even though, it was the least used scheme in general. In Urdy ‘s ( 1997 ) analyze little sample size decreased the assurance with which the findings could be generalized to other samples. Small sample size restricts the reading of consequences, which resulted in a decrease of statistical power. Urdy ( 1997 ) used attending as a exclusive index to adherence. These attending indices provided no information that relate to athlete ‘s behavior during rehabilitation session. Niven ( 2007 ) in his current survey, investigated the athleticss physical therapists ‘ perceptual experiences of rehabilitation attachment and concluded that jocks at highest degree are extremely consistent in their rehabilitation programmes. The chief purpose of Niven ‘s ( 2007 ) survey was, on the footing of athletics physical therapists ‘ expert cognition to increase apprehension of attachment issues in pattern and place factors that influence attachment and schemes that can be used to heighten attachment. Niven ( 2007 ) interviewed six adult females and three work forces with a average age of 35.1 over the period of 12 months. Niven ‘s ( 2007 ) consequences advocated that participants at the highest degree of the game, who are professional, are normally more bucked up to return to their highest degree of lucifer fittingness. Niven ( 2007 ) reported participants ‘ pessimistic features such as unequal ego belief, dejecting mental reaction to athleticss hurt, low assurance, deficiency of aid and aid from community, to be the of import facets of incompatibility and non conformity. Some practicians believed that non-compliance or over attachment are of import concerns to cover with in pattern. The conformity was considered as a important factor for successful rehabilitation from hurt. Niven ( 2007 ) identified several single properties such as motive, assurance, and ability to get by with hurting that facilitated conformity. Consequences indicated that negative emotions experienced by jocks resulted in hapless conformity. Environmental factors such as good support from squad couples, household and friends and athleticss healer were deemed to better conformity. In contrast, being busy at work and place and hapless entree to athleticss therapy resulted in hapless conformity. Niven ( 2007 ) pointed out that the degree of trust in athleticss physical therapist and recommended rehabilitation plan was found to be an of import factor on conformity. Based on findings, Niven ( 2007 ) besides identified figure of schemes to better conformity in pattern. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) examined the relationship between the three aspects of subjective meaning-personal inducements, sense of ego, and perceived behavioural options-and attachment behaviours in the athletic hurt rehabilitation puting. The rubric is short, crisp, and clearly implies a relationship between variables ( Cormack, 1996 ) . It is enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engage people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Dua et Al ( 1989 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . The intent of survey was stated briefly in the abstract and in more item in the debut. The subject is of import and relevant to athleticss physiotherapy clinical pattern. It is non clear whether Joan L. Duda, Alison E. Smart, and Marlene K. Tappe are athleticss physical therapists or non. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) give detailed background about the psychological factors associating to athletic Iinjury, psychological and situational forecasters of athletic hurt rehabilitation attachment or conformity. The writers summarized the old dependability surveies more specific to the attachment in the rehabilitation of athletic hurt. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency issues. The writers reported the sum-ups of the chief findings from the literature on forecasters of attachment to athletic hurt rehabilitation and found consequences varied. The writers argued that there was no extended research on this subject and due to limited work on athletic hurt rehabilitation, It was questionable, nevertheless, to generalise the major findings from surveies on exercising attachment and medical intervention conformity to the athletic hurt rehabilitation scene. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) has written an up-to-date literature reappraisal. The writers reported balanced rating of the surveies in the past both back uping and disputing the forecasters of attachment to athletic hurt rehabilitation. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) evaluated the consequences of the old surveies and by designation of defects, highlighted spreads, and built a instance for farther research. The survey purpose was clear to place the societal psychological variables that best predict attachment behaviours in hurt rehabilitation among intercollegiate jocks. The participants in Dua et Al ( 1989 ) survey were varied well in footings of their hurt features. This could assist to guarantee a representative sample of the injured athletic population. The writers select homogeneous samples in survey, which is the strength of the survey. Forty male and female intercollegiate jocks were recruited via an introductory missive sent to athletic preparation staff members at six major universities. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) indicated that intercollegiate jocks participated in a assortment of athleticss but all had sustained a athletics related hurt ( strain or sprain ) of at least second-degree badness. At the really least it would hold strengthened the surveies if the writers stated that they had used random purposive sampling. Robson ( 2000 ) stated that the principal of choice of topics in purposive sampling is the research worker ‘s opinion as to typicality or involvement. Robson ( 2000 ) further stated that research workers in purposive sampling choose samples which satisfy their specific demands in a undertaking. Domholdt ( 2000 ) believes that purposive sampling is used when research workers have a specific ground for choosing peculiar topics for survey. Subjects can merely be involved in a research undertaking if they have given their consent. Assurance that they can retreat from research at any clip must be provided ( Drummond, 1996 ) . All these demands were addressed within survey and this is the strength. The participants were given an overview of the purposes and intent of the research and all topics signed a consent signifier. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) did non give any information about ethical blessing, and the topographic points from where they recruited the topics to vouch the confidentionali ty and namelessness of the topics. Since, Dua et Al ( 1989 ) have included jocks with a broad scope of musculoskeletal conditions ; hence a homogeneous sample will heighten internal cogency. The writers in the process, spelled out each stage of the research in concrete, operational footings, place every measure in informations aggregation and gave adequate information for another research worker to retroflex the survey. Attachment, measured by attending at rehabilitation Sessionss, completion of prescribed exercising, and exercising strength as perceived by the oversing athletic trainer, was significantly related to strong societal support, high degrees of self-motivation, and a belief in the effectivity of intervention. Consideration was given to confidentiality, the right statistical trials were used, and assurance interval was calculated. In consequences statistical techniques used to analyze informations were clearly identified. The consequences are presented in narrative signifier, clear and concise tabular arraies to ease readability and apprehension. There is a sufficient item for the reader to look into the treatment is coincident with the consequences. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) found that among all the three constituents, personal athletics inducements were less of import forecasters of attachment behaviours than the sense-of-self and perceived options variables. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) besides found that jocks who focused on undertaking command were more adherent to intervention, while jocks who tended to be more ego-involved in their athletics were less adherent to their plans. Phillips ( 1986 ) defines the decision as the statement that indicates the research worker ‘s concluding place in relation to the concluding inquiry posed. In survey decisions is stated clearly, compactly, and substantiated by the groundss presented ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Dua et Al ( 1989 ) concluded that over all conformity was well related to athletic perceptual experience sing the efficaciousness of rehabilitation and support from household and friends for hurt rehabilitation. The writers farther pointed out those participants who placed less emphasis on undertaking inducements were less expected to compliant to their hurt rehabilitation. Examination to menaces to internal cogency reveals no indicant of trouble associated with history or ripening with these topics over a brief clip span. In survey non chance purposive sample was recruited. An inclusion and exclusion standard was non mentioned. The writers did non advert the participants ‘ age. In survey usage of non chance purposive trying limits its generalisation to the sample itself and necessitates caution in generalising beyond the sample. Trainers who conducted rehabilitation Sessionss were required to rate each topic ‘s strength on a five-point graduated table. The writers did non describe any dependability or cogency findings for either of these attachment steps. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) examined the relationship between four physiological factors including self-motivation, societal support, athletic individuality, and temper perturbation, and intervention conformity as a map of age. The rubric is concise, enlightening and clearly indicates the content. The subject is of import and relevant to physiotherapy clinical pattern. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate. The debut was relevant placing many personal and situational factors, which linked to the attachment to rehabilitation. The debut referred to the currents research and cited five documents. The writers clearly stated the survey purpose to research whether possible nexus among psychological factors and intervention conformity differ as a map of age. A literature reappraisal pointed to a clear spread with in bing research and helped to compose a outline of statement to back up the principle for the survey. The research attack was documented consisting of a questionnaire fcompleted by participants about 10 yearss before anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) surgery. Besides after ACL surgery at each assignment participants documented their conformity to a place exercising programme, and the healer recorded the attending of participants and completed the SIRAS. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) clearly stated the methodological analysis, combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency of the questionnaires used such as Self-Motivation Inventory, Social Support Inventory, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale. The survey contained some of the information sing the features of the sample but at that place did non look to be indicant of the sampling scheme. At the really least it would hold strengthened the surveies if the writers stated that they had used random purposive sampling. Sixty-one participants were recruited including 21 females and 40 male. The research workers indicated that 57 % of the participants were competitory jocks and 41 % were recreational jocks. This survey has included a cross-section of the participants ( male and female ) with subgroups incorporating jocks of changing degree of athletic engagement. Although curtailing the sample of participants to persons undergoing rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction provided a more controlled geographic expedition of the moderating effects of age by cut downing cross-participant variableness in hurt badness and the demands of the rehabilitation regimen, such homogeneousness decreased the generalisability of the consequences. Subjects can merely be involved in a research undertaking if they have given their consent and topics were required to subscribe a consent signifier. The research workers did non advert that confidence was given that they could retreat from the research at any clip. The institutional reappraisal board approved the Study. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) failed to advert that how the confidentiality and namelessness of the participants was enforced. In the consequences subdivision statistical techniques used to analyze informations were clearly identified. The consequences are presented in narrative signifier, clear and concise tabular arraies shown to ease readability and apprehension. Although age did non function as a moderator in relationship between the four psychological factors and attachment to clinic-based rehabilitation, it did function as a moderator in the relationship between the three of the four psychological factors assessed and place based rehabilitation attachment. Self-motivation and societal support were positively associated with attachment to place based exercisings in the older participants, but non in the younger 1s. Athletic individuality was positively associated with attachment to the place exercising protocol in the younger participants, but non in older participants. Although, the prospective longitudinal research design in which psychological factors and attachment was measured, used in this probe was found to be appropriate but Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) suggested that causal relationships between psychological factors and rehabilitation attachment can non be inferred. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) acknowledged the self-report method used to measure attachment to place rehabilitation activities, as a restriction and suggested that more nonsubjective steps of place rehabilitation attachment is needed to confirm this survey findings. Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) explored the personal and situational factors related to athleticss hurt rehabilitation among 41 college jocks, including 21 male and 20 female. Participants had been injured in athleticss and had begun a athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme for at least six hebdomads. Title is clear, enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engages people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . The subject is of import and relevant to athleticss therapy clinical pattern. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact. Introduction was relevant placing the factors which affected conformity to the rehabilitation plan. The survey clearly stated the methodological analysis involved but the research workers did non supply any information sing the features of the sample and trying scheme. There were serious defects within the methodological analysis of this survey that question the dependability and cogency of the findings. Fisher et Al. ( 1988 ) provided no information sing participants ‘ informed consent and ethical blessing. In add-on, there is failure to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of participants ‘ information was enforced. The sample appears to be equal although absence of power computation, which determines how big the sample needs to be, has been noted. Each jock was classified as compliant or non-compliant by the healer, based on his or her attending at rehabilitation Sessionss, and a comparing made between expected and existent advancement. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) developed a more extended questionnaire that has been used in a figure of surveies to enable self-assessment of attachment during the rehabilitation period. The Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) consists of 40 inquiries refering to six spheres expected to act upon attachment. Each inquiry requires the participant to circle a response on a four-point graduated table. The rubric of the Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) questionnaire, the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) , might be misdirecting with respect to the information sought. It appeared that, instead than mensurating the rate of attachment to rehabilitation, the questionnaire really requires a self-assessment of factors that might act upon their rehabilitation attachment. This was demonstrated by the illustration inquiry for the hurting sphere ; while a patient may strongly hold that their rehabilitation programme was physically painful, their perceptual experience of the hurting they experienced was non a step of their attachment degree during rehabilitation. The right statistical trials were used, and assurance intervals were calculated. Findingss were clearly presented. There were sufficient inside informations for the readers to look into that the treatment is coincident with the consequences. Multivariate Analysis of discrepancy ( MANOVA ) revealed that the consistent and compliant jocks had high degrees of hurting tolerance, energetic, vivacious and lively and received communal support, as compared to inconsistent and no-compliant. Furthermore, disciple jocks ascertained themselves to exert more during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss and concern less about a program of intervention Sessionss and environmental fortunes. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) pointed out that the questionnaire satisfied the demands for face cogency as the points were derived from analysis of the content of attachment literature. However, Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) acknowledged that the RAQ had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing. Furthermore, a low magnitude of correlativity was observed between the RAQ and three alternate steps of attachment ( attending, the healer completed tonss on the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale, and patient self-reporting of place rehabilitation attachment ) . Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) did non advert any restriction, strengths, and deductions of this survey. The research workers besides did non mention to how they ensured cogency in this survey. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) evaluated personality properties of non-compliant jocks after the rehabilitation programme had begun. This might bring forth confusing consequences as many variables may be influenced by the rehabilitation procedure. In the research worker ‘s, position, if personal and situational factors could hold been measured prior to the athleticss hurt intervention, and studied in relation to conformity during rehabilitation, it would be more appropriate. Research workers used a homogeneous sample including male, female jocks with shoulder, articulatio genus and mortise joint hurts, which adds strength of this survey. As Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) acknowledged that the RAQ had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing, in order to diminish measurement mistake, research workers should hold established the dependability and cogency of the questionnaire before or used antecedently documented psychometrically dependable and valid questionnaire. Two consecutive surveies carried out by Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) used the Rehabilitation attachment questionnaire and tried to retroflex the research work of Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) . In surveies Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) ( A ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) ( B ) the rubrics clearly imply a relationship between variables ( Cormack, 1996 ) . They are enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engage people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Age, sex, socioeconomic position, rational and educational degree, medical cognition, credence or denial of unwellness, clip from oncoming of unwellness, memory of patients, self motive and exercising end puting have been reported to ease attachment. The rubrics are enlightening. The articles include an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact. The intent of Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) ( A ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) ( B ) surveies was stated briefly in the abstract and in more item in the debut. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) gave detailed background about the rehabilitation issues after athleticss hurt and Field et Al ( 1995 ) combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency of the steps to measure attachment to rehabilitation. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) evaluated the consequences of the old surveies and by designation of defects, highlighted spreads, and built a instance for farther research on the subject of variables impacting the conformity in athleticss hurt rehabilitation. Byerl et Al ‘s ( 1994 ) survey purpose was to find the relationship between the rehabilitation attachment of jocks and their self-reported appraisal of six variables that might act upon rehabilitation attachment: hurting, support from others, effort, programming, motive, and environment. Field et al ( 1995 ) survey purpose was to place factors that contribute to adherent or non-adherent behavior during athleticss hur t rehabilitation plans. The survey contained really small information sing the features of the sample but at that place did non look to be indicant of the sampling scheme. In survey A and B the size of the sample appears to be equal although absence of power computation, which determines how big the sample demand to be, has been noted. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) provided no information sing participants ‘ informed consent and ethical blessing. Field et al ( 1995 ) pointed out that all participants filled up informed consent signifiers but did non advert about ethical blessing. In add-on, both Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) failed to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of participants ‘ information was enforced. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) used right statistical trial and assurance intervals were calculated. Research workers performed independent t trial and chance degree was set at.05 for each trial. Findingss were clearly presented in tabular arraies. Wood and Haber ( 2001 ) stated that relational design examines and quantifies the strengths of the co-relationship between the two or more variables. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) used co- relational design. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) did non pull strings any variables so there are no dependent and independent variables ( Hicks, 2004 ) . Hicks ( 2004 ) argued that in co relational design we can non place which variables are cause and which consequence. Therefore, many research workers prefer the certainty of experimental design, but the experimenter could non pull strings any variables, so co relational design is more acceptable ethically. Both, Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) used the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) , which was developed by Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) . Field et al ( 1995 ) besides used a new instrument, the Athletic Trainer ‘s Perception of Athlete ‘s attempt graduated table ( ATPAES ) for athletic trainers ‘ to sort the injured jock as a compliant and non-compliant. Field et al ( 1995 ) argued that the ATPAES system fulfilled the standard for logical cogency, as the ATPAES system had been favorably assessed by the athleticss healer. No mention was made to more extended cogency rating ( such as comparing ATPAES tonss with other attachment steps ) or test-retest dependability appraisal of the questionnaire. Attendance was besides evaluated in the survey by Fields et Al. ( 1995 ) and participants were believed to hold been compliant into their intervention if they attended at least 75 % of intervention Sessionss and scored 12 or greater on the ATPAES questionnaire. However, this emerged to be a random cut-off for separating compliant from non-compliant jocks, with no justification of how it was obtained. The deficiency of strict dependability and cogency testing of the ATPAES questionnaire in the Field et al ( 1995 ) survey, limits its value as an attachment step for experimental surveies. Since, It has been mentioned antecedently that the RAQ in Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) surveies and ATPAES in Field et al ( 1995 ) survey had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing, hence in order to diminish measurement mistake, research workers should hold used antecedently documented psychometrically dependable and valid questionnaire. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) developed a brief step of conformity based on attending and engagement. This mark was used to measure conformity of 40 four jocks who had suffered athleticss hurts and were taking portion in a athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan. The compendious nature of this mark seems to do it allow for assessors who have restricted clip to give to measuring attachment. Patients were assessed on a two-point marking system by the athleticss healer who observed their athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme. One point was allocated for go toing the rehabilitation session. Zero point was awarded for non-compliance. A 2nd point was awarded for finishing 100 % of the prescribed exercisings. If a patient failed to finish all exercisings, three quarters of a point ( 0.75 ) was awarded for finishing 75 % of the exercisings, 0.5 for finishing 50 % of the prescribed exercises, or 0.25 for finishing 25 % of the exercisings. The writers made no mention to reliability proving or proof of t heir questionnaire. Furthermore, the writers recommended that patients who scored between 1.75 and 2.0 were adherent, while those who scored less than 1.75 were non-adherent. These standards appeared to be randomly assigned, with no account or justification of how they were chosen. In Field et al ( 1995 ) survey consequences of the t trial indicated that important differences were seen for self-motivation, scheduling concerns, and hurting tolerance. The discriminant map analysis ( DFA ) pointed out that scheduling concerns contributed most to the overall group differences. Findingss are clearly presented in tabular arraies. Although, Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) both have used varied participants in footings of their athletic environment and hurt features, due to little size sample cautiousness must be taken in generalizing these consequences to other populations. Field et al ( 1995 ) in his survey indicated that this survey is merely for one specific environment hence attention should be taken to generalize these findings to other environments.RationaleThe research worker has chosen rugger participants as participants because rugger is a contact athletics. The doctrine of rugger dictates that the game is physical in nature, which means that th e hazard of hurt during lucifers is high ( Brook et al, 2005 ) . The bulk of hurts of rugby consequence from contact stages of drama ( Best, McIntosh, and Savage, 2005 ) . The literature in the field of athleticss therapy and rehabilitation does non sufficiently address amateur rugger football participants ‘ experiences and perceptual experiences of conformity to a athleticss therapy intervention program. Therefore, one can merely theorize the significance and impact of conformity to the athletics hurt rehabilitation among recreational rugger football participant. Since we know small about what is meaningful to thes participants, a rich description from recreational participants, who have had an of import hurt helped to explicate the relevant facets of their experience. The consequences from the present survey would supply cognition that add to the literature by make fulling a spread that exist on a peculiar population, recreational rugger football participants, that has non been represented in the athleticss hurt research to day of the month. Additionally, cognition and information from the present survey should break informed athleticss healer, physical therapists, managers and important others around participants, that may be involved in conformity to athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan so that amateur rugby football participants receive the best of attention. In add-on since the chief purpose of this research addresses the barriers to athleticss hurt rehabilitation, the consequences will be of peculiar involvement to athleticss healers, athleticss physical therapists, who work with recreational rugger participants.

Write a rhetorical analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay

Write a rhetorical analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift - Essay Example Without a doubt, the speaker could create a plan to make these children beneficial to the society. Swift uses the speaker to propose eating babies as a solution to the problems of Ireland. Swift uses satire to appeal to the emotions of the Irish people in order to encourage them to help the country. The purpose of this essay is to do a rhetorical analysis of Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal. The reason for doing this rhetorical analysis is to demonstrate how Swift uses satire to draw audience attention to the problem, which is the dire situation Ireland was facing at the time. A satire uses mockery, exaggeration, and irony to reveal and condemn the immorality, corruption, or foolishness of a society within the setting or framework of contemporary politics. The speaker proposes cannibalism of Irish infants as a sensible, rational, and in fact responsible solution to the problems of Ireland. This satire does not aim to inflict damage or harm, but rather it tries to produce a shocking effect to make the causes of major Irish problems revolting so that these causes will be purged or removed from the people and society. It is this shocking effect that makes Swift’s political document controversial and highly effective. Swift’s satire uses three elements—ethos, logos, and pathos. In terms of ethos, or author’s credibility, Swift was known for being a remarkable political essayist and critic. He is also known for being religious, which gives A Modest Proposal a sharp appeal. It is somewhat difficult to reconcile the fact that the ‘religious’ Swift has created a speaker that advocates cannibalism as a solution to Ireland’s major problems. This makes the satire more shocking and, thus, effective. What fascinates audiences from the time of Swift to the present day is the outrageous proposal of the anonymous speaker who combines, in one persona, an indifferent rationality and a methodically coldhearted reaction to the

A New Empirical Model for Predicting the Sound Absorption of Polyfelt Article

A New Empirical Model for Predicting the Sound Absorption of Polyfelt Fibrous Materials for Acoustical Applications - Article Example Empirical models do not require detailed knowledge of the internal structure of the material nor are they derived from theoretical considerations. Delany and Bazley [1] showed that the values of the characteristic acoustic impedance and propagation coefficient for a range of fibrous materials, normalized as a function of frequency divided by flow resistivity could be presented as simple power law functions. Model for Impedance The model is based on numerous impedance tube measurements and is good for determining the bulk acoustic properties at frequencies higher than 250 Hz, but not at low frequencies [2,3]. The validity of this model for lower and higher frequencies was further extended by Bies and Hansen [4].Dunn and Davern [5] calculated new regression coefficients between characteristic acoustic impedance and propagation coefficient for low airflow resistivity values of polyurethane foams and multilayer absorbers. To that effect, engineers can obtain the absorption coefficient of sound at normal incidence by using the equation below: ZR = P0 * C0 (1 + C1 ((P0f)/r)-c2) The final model which comes as a derivative of the first model is Zt = (ZR + iZl)[coth(a + iB) * l] Zt = ZIR + iZIl Qunli [6] later extended this work to cover a wider range of flow resistivity values by considering porous plastic open-cell foams.Miki [7, 8] generalized the empirical models developed by Delany and Bazley for the characteristics acoustic impedance and propagation coefficient of porous materials with respect to the porosity, tortuosity, and the pore shape factor ratio. Moreover, he showed that the real part of surface impedance computed by the Delany’s model converges to negative values at low frequencies. Therefore, he modified the model to give it real positive values even in wider frequency ranges. Other empirical models include those of Allard and Champoux [9]. These models are based on the assumption that the thermal effects are dependent on frequency. The models wor k well for low frequencies. The Voronina model [10] is another simple model that is based on the porosity of a material. This model uses the average pore diameter, frequency and porosity of the material for defining the acoustical characteristics of the material. Voronina [11] further extended the empirical model developed for porous materials with rigid frame and high porosity, and compared it with that of Attenborough's theory. A significant agreement was found between their empirical model and Attenborough's theoretical model. Recently, Gardner et al. [12] implemented a specific empirical model using neural networks for polyurethane foams with easily measured airflow resistivity. The algorithm embedded in the neural networks substitutes the usual power-law relations. The phenomenological models are based on the essential physics of acoustic propagation in a porous medium such as their universal features and how these can be captured in a model [13]. Biot [14] established the theo retical explanation of saturated porous materials as equivalent homogeneous materials. His model is believed to be the most accurate and detailed description till now. Among the significant refinement made to Biot theory, Johnson et al. [15] gave an interpolation formula for â€Å"Dynamic tortuosity† of the medium based on limiting behavior at zero and infinite frequency. The dynamic tortuosity employed by Johnson et al. is equivalent to the structure factor introduced by Zwikker and Kosten [16] and therefore

Childhood memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childhood memory - Essay Example The intricacies of a busy family life then was the culprit for my entering school almost two months after the official opening of classes. I gathered, they just forgot. I can still remember the fear I have inside with my heart throbbing ferociously. There I was in my crisp new uniform with a heavy bag loaded with books sheepishly creeping in the classroom accompanied by my mother. Her warm hands clasp my cold sweaty palms. There she was, the teacher – Miss Cruz, (I could never forget her name) smiling and beckoning me to her side. She briefly made a short, rather loud introduction in front of those staring, rather, glaring eyes attached to little children seated in their respective desks. I somehow wondered how in the world did I get an instant desk. And how come they all seem to know each other – whispering to each other (aloud) –when I could hardly recognize any of them? My mother started to bid me goodbye but I refused to get my sweaty hand’s grasp out of her warm palm. No, mommy! Don’t leave me here with these strangers all staring at me like I am some alien from another world – so I thought. With relentless reassurance from Miss Cruz (who started to take my hand off from my mother) and my mom who promised she would stay only outside the classroom where I can still see her and wait until classes are over – did I finally succumb. Anyway, they added, recess is almost near. What is the world does that mean? I wondered. After being seated, a girl right beside my desk, in braids and spectacles, Rebecca, started to talk to me. She asked me what my name was and offered to assist me in the topic they were discussing when my entrance rudely interrupted them. She appeared friendly and her spectacles prevented me from seeing her stare. After that tragic, drastic, nerve-wrecking day, as a naà ¯ve girl of five, I started my academic journey of which until